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Kyphosis

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Kyphosis is a condition in which the spine curves outward more than it should, causing your upper back to bend forward in the thoracic region (the area of your spine between your neck and ribs). The curve can make it appear that you’re bent over or slouching. People sometimes refer to it as a “hunchback” or a “roundback.” Your spine has inherent curvature. These curves improve your posture and allow you to stand straight. However, severe curvature might harm your body and make standing difficult.

Symptoms

Severe kyphosis may cause the following symptoms:

  • Shoulder blade and back pain or stiffness.
  • Legs that are tingly, weak, or numb.
  • Extreme fatigue.
  • Balance issues.
  • Bladder incontinence or bowel incontinence.
  • Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.

Causes

The cause of kyphosis varies depending on the type and may include:

  • Poor posture.
  • Structural abnormalities in the bones of your spine.
  • Bone growth abnormalities (shape of the bone).
  • Spinal injury.
  • Your age.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves clinical assessment and imaging to determine the type, severity, and underlying cause. A few of them are as following:

  1. Medical History
    • Review of symptoms: back pain, stiffness, posture changes, fatigue.
    • Inquiry about family history, past injuries, or medical conditions like osteoporosis or Scheuermann’s disease.
  2. Physical Examination
    • Visual assessment of posture: rounded upper back or visible hump.
    • Measurement of spinal curvature using a scoliometer or other tools.
    • Neurological check for signs of nerve compression (e.g., numbness, weakness, balance issues).
  3. Imaging Tests

    • X-rays:
      • Confirm diagnosis by measuring the Cobb angle of spinal curvature.
      • A Cobb angle > 40–45° in the thoracic spine typically confirms kyphosis.
    • MRI or CT Scan:
      • Used if spinal cord compression, disc problems, or tumors are suspected.
      • Helpful in assessing soft tissue and neurological involvement.
  4. Bone Density Test (DEXA Scan)

    • Recommended if osteoporosis is suspected, especially in older adults or postmenopausal women.
  5. Pulmonary Function Tests (if severe)
    • In cases of severe kyphosis, tests may be done to assess the impact on lung capacity.

Prevention

You cannot prevent all types of kyphosis. To prevent postural kyphosis, follow these steps:

  • Maintaining proper posture.
  • Strengthening the abdominal and back muscles.
  • Maintaining a healthy body weight.
  • A sturdy backpack or roller bag can be used to transport bags, schoolbooks, and supplies.
  • Exercising can help you strengthen your muscles and stay flexible.

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